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Nkuko abenshi mubizi, urukiko rwa Arusha (TPIR) rumaze imyaka itari mike (8) rutangiye akazi ko gucira imanza interahamwe n'abo bafatanyije kurimbura ubwoko bwacu. Imikorere y'urwo rukiko irimo byinshi by'ingora-bahizi, hari mo ibyumvikana, ibitumvikana, n'ibitera agahinda k'inyongezo nkaho agasanzwe kadahagije. Nkuko bigaragalira kuri tableau ikurikira, yerekana abamaze gufatwa n'abakatiwe, nibake cyane urebye ampleur y'icyaha. Budet bakoresha nayo ubwayo, ni nini cyane kuburyo umuntu atabura kurusha ho kugira akababaro, iyo utekereje ko nta na kimwe cya gatatu cy'ayo mafaranga yaba yarahawe imfubyi atanzwe na Loni kugira ngo ziyungunganye, zirebe uko zaryanya urupfu rwa kabiri.Gushyira urwo rukiko Arusha, ubwabyo ntabwo jye nigeze menya impamvu nyayo yabiteye. Ngo baba baritwaje ko nta mutekano abacamanza bari kugirira mu Rwanda. Ibya bitugarura kuri cya gitekerezo cya Alison des Forges, wagize ati (le Rwanda est trop loin, trop pauvre et trop noir pour signifier quoique ce soit dans la balance du monde du Nord). Kuri jye, n'urwitwazo rudafatika, kuko Tanzania itari sécuritaire kurusha u Rwanda. Ikimbabaza jyewe, n'uko iyo izo nkiko zibera i Rwanda, byari gufasha igihugu ibintu bibiri bikomeye cyane : 1) Retombées économiquesNkuko n'ubundi nigeze kubivuga ho hambere, Abanyarwanda benshi bari kugerwa ho nariya matindi y'amadolari, ubu aba acircula mugihugu cyose cy'u Rwanda aho kwigumira muri TZ : Amahoteli yacu aba ahora yuzuye ndetse harubatswe andi, imodoka zikodeshwa n'abahisi n'abagenzi zarikubye kenshi, abavoka bacicikana, les curieux, les touristes, abakozi bahembwa mu madevises (kuva kubato kugera kubakuru), ibicuruzwa (ibiribwa n'ibinyobwa)... 2) Korohereza abatemwe (les témois)Imanza zose, ari iza génocide cyangwa izindi, zikenera abatémoins. Or, abatemoins ba ziriya manza ntabwo ari Abatanzaniya, n'Abanyarwanda. Babikoze uko bishakiye, aliko jye mbibona mo agasuzuguro nkuko basanzwe badusuzugura. Leta yacu nayo ubanza yarahise mo kumva ko ziriya manza ntakizava mo, igaterera iyo, ngirango ahari iyo iza gukomeza pression nkuko yari yabitangiye, bari kuger'ubwo barwimurira i Rwanda. Sécurité bavuga bafite muri TZ, rwose ntayo baburana Abasilikari bacu, kandi bashaka banazana n'abacancuro babo ba Loni.Reka no kubatera umwanya, ndeke mwisomere izi commentaires z'abazobereye mu makuru no muri politique, surtout iz'abakunda agapfa nka Philipot. Arthémon Rurangwa |
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Le drame rwandais - Roméo Dallaire veut-il brouiller les pistes? Quelle question... ! la honte ne tue pas Participant à
l'émission Le Point de Radio-Canada le 14 septembre 1994, soit
une semaine après son retour du Rwanda, Roméo Dallaire a
répondu à la question suivante posée par un Rwandais:
«Est-ce que selon vous, il y a eu un génocide au Rwanda,
c'est-à-dire l'exécution d'un plan pour éliminer
l'ethnie tutsie du Rwanda?» • Pourquoi Dallaire s'est-il permis d'enfreindre les règlements les plus élémentaires d'une mission de maintien de la paix -- et de s'en vanter (p. 272 de son livre) -- en communiquant directement, par-dessus la tête de son chef, avec son ami le général Maurice Baril à l'ONU ainsi qu'avec le chef des missions de maintien de la paix, Kofi Annan ? • N'est-il pas venu à l'esprit du général canadien que M. Booh-Booh, même en étant Africain, pouvait comprendre mieux que lui les complexités de la politique rwandaise et des relations internationales en Afrique ? Ne sait-il pas que la meilleure façon de miner une mission est de contourner le chef et surtout de le faire savoir à l'une des parties à la guerre ? • N'est-ce pas aussi la meilleure façon de se faire manipuler, en l'occurrence par le l'armée du Front patriotique rwandais (FPR) ? À voir ce comportement, il n'est pas surprenant que la France ait demandé officiellement au Canada de le destituer du poste de commandant militaire, et ce, même avant le début des massacres. •
Pourquoi le général Dallaire a-t-il manifesté un
parti pris flagrant en faveur de l'armée du FPR ? Si des doutes
persistaient à ce sujet, le livre de Dallaire les fait disparaître.
Dallaire a accepté de coucher au quartier général
du FPR à plusieurs reprises. Sa
sympathie à l'égard des dirigeants de cette armée
ressort clairement. En racontant son départ du Rwanda, Dallaire
rappelle chaleureusement la soirée passée pendant la catastrophe
avec Pasteur Bizimungu, dirigeant du FPR et futur président : «Après
avoir évoqué nos discussions à Mulindi [quartier
général du FPR], où nous causions entre amis, tard
dans la nuit, nous avons terminé la rencontre de manière
officielle, du personnel circulant un peu partout autour de nous.»
Comment peut-il, lui un militaire, continuer à qualifier d'«accident» ou d'«écrasement» l'attentat au missile sol-air contre l'avion qui transportait les présidents du Rwanda et du Burundi, attentat qui a déclenché le cataclysme ? Surtout que le missile a été tiré d'un endroit dont Roméo Dallaire avait la responsabilité, la KWSA (Kigali Weapon Secure Area). Pourquoi, dans un livre de 700 pages, cet attentat ne mérite-t-il pas plus que quelques paragraphes ? Pourquoi ne donne-t-il pas sa version de cet attentat qui n'a toujours pas fait l'objet d'une enquête internationale ? Pourquoi ne pèse-t-il pas les diverses hypothèses à ce sujet ? Notons que l'enquête française menée par le juge Bruguières, qui devrait incriminer le FPR pour cet attentat, sera déposée en janvier. Par ailleurs, Roméo
Dallaire décrit ses pensées, pour le moins surprenantes,
le 6 avril lorsqu'il participe à la réunion du Comité
de crise établi à la suite de l'attentat : «La
présence de Bagosora ébranlait le maigre espoir que j'entretenais
: celui que ce coup d'État -- si coup d'État il y avait
-- ait été planifié par des éléments
modérés de l'armée et par la Gendarmerie.»
Ce surprenant «espoir d'un coup d'État» par les éléments
que Dallaire qualifie de «modérés» l'a-t-il
aussi poussé à refuser les consignes du Comité de
crise et à faire amener, par les troupes de l'ONU, la première
ministre Madame Agathe Uwilingiiyimana à la radio rwandaise pour
s'adresser à la nation ? |
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| La flèche est décochée avec précision, j'ignore l'état du coeur de la cible... Après coup! | ||||||
Pendant trois mois, en 1994, environ un million de Rwandais ont été tués. Il s'agissait principalement de Tutsis, tués parce qu'ils étaient des Tutsis. Il s'agissait aussi de Hutus qui s'opposaient au génocide ou qui ne voulaient pas y participer. Il y a aussi eu les morts de la guerre civile et ceux des crimes contre l'humanité du Front patriotique rwandais (FPR) et de l'armée gouvernementale rwandaise. Cependant, comment expliquer ce passage à l'acte d'une grande partie de la population rwandaise, qui a mené au génocide des centaines de milliers de Tutsis, réalité qui, bien qu'en étroite relation avec ce qui existait au préalable au Rwanda, s'en distingue malgré tout par l'ampleur du phénomène et par son caractère systématique ? Ryszard Kapuscinski, un journaliste qui a agi comme reporter en Afrique depuis 1957, réussit l'exploit d'expliquer simplement et clairement l'histoire du Rwanda qui mène au génocide dans un des textes de son livre, Ébène, publié chez Plon. Au Burundi et au Rwanda, écrit-il, il existe des massacres coutumiers. L'indépendance du Rwanda en 1962 se conjugue avec une révolution sociale. La grande majorité hutue se libère de la domination d'une oligarchie tutsie. Jusqu'au bout Par Pierre Trudel, Le Devoir ! |
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| Témoignages za Général R. Dallaire contre Bagosora
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| Gen. Roméo Dallaire, former commander of the United Nation's mission to Rwanda, waits to begin testifying yesterday against four senior Rwandan military officers at an international tribunal being held in Arusha, Tanzania. In a packed, sweltering courtroom, Gen. Roméo Dallaire — dressed in a navy-blue pin-striped suit with his Order of Canada prominent on the lapel — was asked by a prosecutor if he could identify the Rwandan army colonel alleged to be one of the architects of the genocide that took 800,000 lives. Dallaire, who led the ill-fated 1994 United Nations peacekeeping mission in Rwanda, rose to his feet, glanced around, then fixed an icy glare on his former nemesis. " He's on the extreme right, in the last row,'' Dallaire said, pointing at Theoneste Bagosora. The retired Canadian general told the Rwanda genocide tribunal here yesterday he believed Bagosora was the "kingpin'' in orchestrating a carefully planned campaign to exterminate minority Tutsis and politically moderate Hutus during 100 days of bloodshed in 1994. Bagosora and three other military commanders, Anatole Nsengiyumva, Aloys Ntabakuze and Gratien Kabiligi, have all pleaded not guilty to charges of genocide and crimes against humanity.Prosecutors regard Bagosora as one of the key players in the hours and days after the country was plunged into genocide after president Juvenal Habyarimana died in a fiery plane crash on April 6, 1994. Dallaire yesterday recalled the last time he saw Bagosora, during a chance encounter in late June, 1994, near the end of the genocide, in the lobby of the Diplomates hotel in Kigali. "Col. Bagosora threatened me with his pistol that the next time he saw me he would kill me,'' he told the court. From the witness box, Dallaire turned the tables yesterday, testifying for a total of six hours about his meetings with Bagosora and his assessment that the virulently anti-Tutsi commander put the genocide into motion. "I had concluded that he was the kingpin,'' said Dallaire, who suffers from post traumatic stress disorder as a result of his Rwanda experience. While he showed little sign of emotion or distress during his testimony, Dallaire seemed distracted at times and kept stealing glances over to the left-hand corner of the courtroom, where Bagosora, whom he once compared with the devil, was seated. More than once, when a court clerk passed an exhibit to Dallaire for his perusal, the retired general glared at Bagosora. Bagosora made notes in a large, blue hard-covered notebook. He also referred from time to time to a dog-eared copy of the French edition of Dallaire's memoir from Rwanda. Dallaire also recounted how on April 4, 1994 — only days before the slaughter began — Bagosora reportedly told a Belgian colonel at a diplomatic reception that the only way to solve Rwanda's problems was to get rid of the Tutsi. Dallaire said Col. Luc Marchal told him a drunken Bagosora raged against Tutsis and indicated "that war was at hand and a final solution was going to happen ... clearly indicating an ethnic war was at hand. 'Prosecutor Drew White, a Canadian lawyer, led off the questioning yesterday and is expected to continue all day today. The Canadian general testified that Bagosora was in charge of a military "crisis committee'' meeting that took place within hours of the Rwandan president's death. Still in civilian clothes, Bagosora "was clearly in charge'' and prevailed over the officers present, Dallaire said. Bagosora, he added, rejected outright the suggestion that prime minister Agathe Uwilingimana should take power. "Col. Bagosora said that, in essence, she had no authority.'' Dallaire said he spoke to the prime minister on the phone that night, trying to arrange for her to make a radio address first thing in the morning. But within hours, Belgian soldiers protecting her home had been taken away and massacred and the prime minister hunted down in a nearby compound and killed, along with her husband. Dallaire told the court he visited the spot where she had been murdered the next day. "She had been killed right there, I mean, there was blood,'' he said. "Her children ... were in another house hiding in a closet with clothes over them. They had been saved.'' Referring to pictures taken at the time, Dallaire said the day after the president was killed, Bagosora abruptly switched from his civilian clothes into crisp new military fatigues. "He in fact reverted to a (army) uniform in the rank of colonel from the morning of the 7th of April,'' Dallaire said.When he burst in uninvited on a larger meeting of the military command, again chaired by Bagosora on the morning of April 7, "it was clear that Col. Bagosora was giving instructions and direction.'' Dallaire said he tried to get Bagosora to intervene to help the Belgian soldiers, who had been taken to nearby Camp Kigali, where he learned later they had been butchered. But Bagosora said "the camp was in absolute chaos and none of the officers could get control,'' Dallaire recounted. "He categorically refused me to go to that camp.'' The Canadian general said his own situation reports told him Presidential Guard units were already "wreaking havoc in the city ... and some of them even had a list and (were) killing the people therein.'' But Bagosora told him the guards were hard to control because they were acting out of anger at the president's death and rumours the Belgians were somehow involved. Dallaire testified he left the meeting convinced Bagosara was pulling the strings. "What I found incredible was I had never found someone so calm and so at ease with what was going on," Dallaire said. "He shuffled some papers and signed some documents." Dallaire said he could only conclude that Bagosora was either on "another planet," oblivious to the mounting chaos, or was so calm because the carefully laid plan to exterminate the Tutsi minority and moderate Hutu, who were willing to share power, was unfolding. "It was surreal ... (I concluded) they were implementing a plan that we had heard so much of from a variety of sources. "It dawned on me then that the plan was moving." Dallaire was also asked about an anonymous letter he received on Dec. 3, 1993, apparently written by moderate Hutu officers, who warned of a "Machiavellian plan'' to plunge the country into chaos and exterminate specific individuals. Many of the people identified in the letter as targets were killed in the first hours of the genocide. Looking back, Dallaire said that letter now seems like "a rough draft of what happened after April 6.'' Today Dallaire is expected to testify about the secret informant who warned in January, 1994, that death squads were compiling lists and training to kill thousands of people a day. When Dallaire told U.N. headquarters in New York he planned to raid the arms caches of the death squads, he was told not to take any military action, that he had to remain neutral. Prosecution lawyers have notified the defence that in the course of questioning Dallaire about Bagosora's role, they plan to introduce a number of key exhibits, including:
Cet article est et reste la propriété du Toronto Star |
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